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Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a
group of diseases characterized by high blood sugar
levels that result from the body's inability to make
or use insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas
that plays a vital role in metabolism. Symptoms
include increased thirst and urination, hunger,
weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. Diabetes
can lead to debilitating and life-threatening
complications including blindness, memory problems,
kidney disease, heart disease, nerve damage, and
amputations.
The most common type is type 2 diabetes, previously
called adult on set diabetes. It usually develops
because the body fails to use insulin properly. It
occurs in people, including children, who are
overweight; other risk factors include high
cholesterol, high blood pressure, ethnicity, and a
family history of diabetes. Treatment includes a
healthy diet, weight loss, and regular exercise.
Many patients require daily insulin injections.
Type 1 diabetes,
formerly called juvenile diabetes, usually develops
in childhood. It is caused by the inability of the
pancreas to produce insulin. Genetic predisposition
combined with exposure to viruses are the main risk
factors. Treatment consists of carefully monitored
insulin replacement, typically via needles or a
special pump.
A small percentage
of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes,
sometimes labeled type 3, as a result of changing
hormonal levels. Blood sugars often return to normal
after delivery, but almost half of the women who
experience gestational diabetes develop type 2
diabetes later in life.
Heart
Disease
Cardiovascular
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels kill more
than 16 million people worldwide and account for 30
percent of the total number of deaths each year.
Additional millions are disabled, frequently in
their prime years. In the U.S., an estimated 61.8
million people live with cardiovascular disease.
Heart disease and stroke, the main components of
cardiovascular disease, account for nearly 40
percent of all deaths in the nation.
Decades of research
show that lifestyle, beginning in childhood, is the
main cause of cardiovascular disease. The major risk
factors are high blood pressure, tobacco use, poor
dietary habits, especially the intake of saturated
fat, elevated blood cholesterol, lack of physical
activity, obesity, and diabetes.
Lifestyle changes
are the first line of prevention and treatment of
cardiovascular disease. Medical interventions range
from drugs to surgery. For example, a bypass
operation may be performed to reduce a person's risk
of a heart attack. In this operation, a blood vessel
from elsewhere in the body is used to reroute blood
around a blocked coronary artery (one of two
arteries that arise from the aorta and supply the
tissues of the heart with blood).
Blood Pressure
Hypertension The
pressure of blood against the walls of arteries is
recorded as two numbers. The systolic pressure (as
the heart beats) over the diastolic pressure (as the
heart relaxes between beats). Normal blood pressure
is less than 120 milliliters of mercury systolic and
less than 80 milliliters mercury diastolic.
Nearly 50 million
Americans have high blood pressure. If left
untreated, high blood pressure can lead to strokes,
heart attacks, and kidney failure. Conversely,
controlling elevated blood pressure can cut strokes
35 to 40 percent and heart attacks 20 to 25 percent.
Often, dietary and other lifestyle changes are
sufficient to keep blood pressure controlled. If
not, if may be necessary to add blood pressure
medications such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta
blockers, or calcium channel blockers.
DNA
Dietary
Supplements
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